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An elevated entrance is a type of entrance, common in the design of medieval castles, that is not accessible from ground level, but lies at the level of an upper storey. The elevated entrance is the lowest and frequently the only way of entering a fortified building or residence. In the case of circular towers, a large opening in the main wall at ground level was a potential weakness and experts on castle design have argued that the elevated entrance served a structural as well as defensive purpose.〔(''From Ireland Coming: Irish Art from the Early Christian to the Late Gothic'' ) edited by Colum Hourihane.〕 Elevated entrances were also used in Antiquity. For example, the numerous Limes watchtowers only had this type of entrance. == The elevated entrance in medieval castles == The majority of elevated entrances were between five and ten metres above the ground level and facing the courtyard side in order to protect them from shell fire. Several examples were located in rather unsuitable places, however, for example above the outside of a castle. Heights of above 15 metres are only rarely recorded. The entrance was usually only accessible from another building in the nearby vicinity that is occasionally still is archaeologically discernible. Many elevated entrances today are only two to three metres above the ground because the original ground level, often several metres lower, has been filled with building rubble. The elevated entrance was usually reached on a wooden or stone staircase or from a footbridge from another part of the building. Immediately in front of the entrance there was usually a wooden platform; on particularly long stairways there could be intermediate landings. A steep stairway and narrow landing in front of the entrance made it difficult for attackers to use heavy demolition equipment such as battering rams. Below the entranceway the corbels or putlog holes have often survived. Even the fixtures of the original wooden stairways are frequently still visible. In several cases, elevated entranceways built in the Late Middle Ages or Early Modern times were accessed by staircase towers with spiral staircases. Occasionally an elevated entrance was also guarded by a small drawbridge. Wooden stairways were often protected from the weather by a porch. Such a structure is shown in a 1449 votive picture by the Bavarian castle builder (''Burgpfleger''), Bernd von Seyboltsdorf (Schärding, Upper Austria). The entrance of the oriel opens at the side and access is gained over a wooden staircase, complete with railings, that is clearly firmly fixed. The simplest form of access was a movable ladder that could quickly be hauled up in the event of attack. In permanently occupied castles, however, this type of access was hardly ever used. Certainly rope ladders were occasionally used. Having a rope ladder or even a simple rope ready would make sense if a longer wooden ladder could not be hauled into the building. Several authors even suggest that rope ladders could have been the most common means of entering and leaving the building (''Hans Max von Aufseß''). A miniature in the Codex Manesse (''Her Kristan von Hamle'') shows how a man is hoisted in a basket up to an elevated entrance by a woman with the help of a rope. This is representative of a common motif that is particularly well known from the ''Virgil Legends of the Middle Ages'' (''Vergil in the Basket''). The lady loved by Virgil promises to meet him at night in her tower room, hauling him up to her room in a basket. However, she deliberately leaves the basket hanging half way up and the jilted Virgil becomes the laughing stock of the local people the following morning when they see him there.〔Ingo F. Walther (Hrsg.): ''Codex Manesse. Die Miniaturen der Großen Heidelberger Liederhandschrift.'' Frankfurt am Main 1988, pp. 62 f.〕 The German sayings "to leave someone hanging in the air" (''jemanden in der Luft hängen lassen'') and "to give someone a basket" (''einen Korb geben'') probably go back to this legend. Whether rope lifts of this sort were widely used, either for goods or to lift people, is not clear. In the more recent castle science literature the rope lift is rarely seen as a method of reaching an elevated entrance.〔Karl Heinz Dähn: ''Hocheingänge an mittelalterlichen Wehranlagen - mit Beispielen aus dem Raum Heilbronn.'' In: ''Jahrbuch für Schwäbisch-Fränkische Geschichte.'' Vol. 31, Historischer Verein, Heilbronn, 1986, pp. 5–24.〕 In the 19th century, August Essenwein saw the rope lift as a common entry system. For example, in his numerous artist's impressions of medieval castles, people can often be seen being hauled up towers using a simple lift. The castle researcher, Otto Piper questioned this, however, in his well-known work, ''Burgenkunde'', because in the case of danger the use of such a lift was impractical in his opinion and in any case would always need a second person in the tower to operated the lift.〔Otto Piper: ''Burgenkunde. Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen.'' Munich, 1912, pp. 196 f.〕 But he also recognised the problem of hauling up a long, wooden ladder into an elevated entrance. His view was that they would make do with a fixed wooden or stone structure at the foot of the building. A short, easily retrievable, wooden ladder could then be used to reach the elevated entrance.〔Otto Piper: ''Burgenkunde. Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen.'' Munich, 1912, pp. 198.〕 Several early castle researchers deduced from that, that long wooden ladders which could not be stowed within the building, were hauled up and fixed to the external wall (Karl August von Cohausen). What is verifiable is the use of lifting devices for elevated entrances in a few examples from Orthodox culture. Well preserved is the wooden rope lift oriel of the St. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai which, until the 20th century, was the only entrance to the heavily fortified monastery castle. Here is the actual lift systems is, however, inside the building behind it. The winch had to be worked by four monks simultaneously. The elevated entrance was used here primarily as a defence against Bedouin raids. Considerably more spectacular are the rope lifts to the monasteries and hermitages around the holy mountain of Athos, some of which are still accessible today using these means. The 20 large monasteries also had gateways, however. Several Egyptian monasteries also used to be only accessible using lifts. The longest rope lifts led to the Meteora abbeys of Northern Greece. These systems were built on mighty rock towers; so they were not classic elevated entrances. These examples show that small winches could also have been installed in the wooden structures of medieval elevated entrances. There is no record, however, of lift equipment in the interior of the building. In individual cases it is possible that the construction cranes for a tower or building were left in place and used after the structure was completed. A picture in the ''Weltchronik'' by Rudolf von Ems (1340) shows two such load-carrying cranes. One is being worked using a winch, the other using a pulley wheel. A medieval construction crane with a pulley was reconstructed at the Alsace castle of Fleckenstein and set on an eleveted opening in the rock face of the inner ward. The depiction in the ''Weltchronik'' also shows material being carried up a wooden ladder. Normally the entrances were so narrow and the lintels so low that only one person at a time could enter the interior of the building or tower. The elevated entrance of Tirol Castle is, however,about 1.25 metres wide and over three metres high. The gateways are generally designed as round arches, more rarely as Gothic arches. Late medieval entrances sometimes have straight or stepped lintels and even trefoil arches (e.g. Kronsegg Castle, Lower Austria). The door frames are usually very plain, but sometimes beading is used to decorate the frame. Coats of arms and the year of construction date to no earlier than the Late Middle Ages. Wooden entrance doors were sometimes clad with iron or slate in order to reduce the risk of fire. Original doors from the Middle Ages have rarely survived however. On the inside the gateways were usually secured with locking beams. Sometimes the entrances to entire groups of buildings or sections of a castle were protected by being elevated. For example, the gate to the inner ward at the fortress of Aggstein (in Wachau) is about six metres above the level of the courtyard of the outer ward. At the Küssaburg in Baden, the gate of the inner ward is four metres above the ground and was probably reached using a wooden ram. There are also examples of castles in the Near East and the Caucasus that have raised entrances. The function of the external gateway on the 5th floor of the Maiden Tower in Baku is still a mystery today. Wall and vault remains on the ground could point to a structure providing access, such as a staircase, which has since been demolished. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Elevated entrance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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